-wdpd¾h î'ù'wd¾' mqKHj¾Ok"
tka'Ô' fma%upkaø"
wd¾'Ô' o is,ajd

j¾Idj we;s jkafka ÿr fmdfydh Èk wdYs%;j hehs YS% ,xld jdiSka nyq;rhla w;r fmdÿ úYajdihla mj;S' pkaø l,dj úiska we;s flfrk n,mEula u; j¾Idj we;s fõ h hk úYajdihg miqìu yd tu m%jdoh mÍCId lr ne,Sug kshuq ióCIKhla f,iska" uykqjr m%foaYfha ia:dk 03 lg wod< j¾Idm;k o;a; fuys § fhdod .kq ,eìK' 1964 ckjdß isg 2001 foieïn¾ olajd jir 38 l ld, jljdkqjla wdjrKh jk mßÈ ,nd .;a ks, j¾Idm;k o;a; fuu ixLHdk úµd;aul úYaf,aIKhg uQ,dY% úh' tys § ikaikaok wdldr 04 la fuu ú.%yh i|yd mdol lr .kq ,eìK' tu wdldr 04 my; mßÈ ±laúh yelsh'

1' md,s; Èkhla (Control Day) iuÕ mqr fmdfydh Èkhl § jd¾Islj j¾Idm;kfha úh yelshdj' (Possibility)

2' md,s; Èkhla iuÕ fmdfydh Èkhl § jd¾Isl idudkH j¾Idm;kh'

3' fmdfydh Èkhlg wod<j jd¾Isl idudkH j¾Idm;kfha úh yelshdj iy Bg m%;súreoaO pkaø l,djla we;s Èkl j¾Idm;kfha úh yelshdj'

4' mqrfmdfydh pkaø l,djl fyj;a fmdfydh Èkhl jd¾Isl idudkH j¾Idm;kh iy Bg m%;súreoaO pkaø l,djl § ^tkï wudjl Èkl §& jd¾Isl idudkH j¾Idm;kh'

fuu ixikaokhka pkaø l,d Èkhla jgd jQ f;Èkla mqrd kej; j;djla isÿ lrkq ,eìK' tfuka u pkaø l,d Èkhla jgd Èk 5 la wdjrKh jk mßÈ;a" pkaø l,d Èkg fmr Èk;a pkaø l,d Èkg foÈklg miqj;a jk mßÈ ta whqßka isÿ lrkq ,eìK'

uq,ska we;s fohdldrfha ixikaokhka i|yd md,s; ;;a;ajfha ksheÈ Èkh jYfhka iEu uilu ;=ka jeks Èkh f;dard .kq ,enqfõ iiïNdú ^wyUq Random& f,isks' ^fuu ixLHdkfõ§ úYaf,aIKh isÿ lrkq ,enqfõ Sign test yd T-test hk l%u fhdod .ksñks'&

24 wdldrhl m%;sM, ixikaokhlg miqj pkaø l,d y;f¾ isÿùï yd j¾Idm;kh w;r lsisÿ ie,lsh hq;= iyiïnkaOhla fkdue;s nj fuys § ikd: úh' ta wkqj t<eô ks.ukh jkafka" j¾Idm;kh i|yd pkaø l,dj n,mEula isÿ fkdlrk njhs'

ye¢kaùï (-

ish¨ u rgj, mdfya ck;dj w;r jk fmdÿ úYajdihla jQfha yd jkafka if|a l,dj úiska ld,.=Khg n,mEï isÿ lrkq we;s njhs' miq .sh ishjia fol ;=< m%udKj;a ;rï ld,.=K úµd;aul o;a; tla/ia lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej fuu m%jdofha i;Hdi;H Ndjh úuid ne,Sug úµd{fhda W;aidy l<y' tys § fy<sorõ jQ m%;sM,h jQfha pkaø l,dj yd ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka w;r iïnkaOhla fkdue;s njhs' kuq;a úúO rgj, fujeks ióCIK weiqßka ,enQ m%;sM,j, úúO wyUq m%jK;djhka olakg ,enqKs'

bkaÿkSishdfõ cld¾;d wjg j¾Idm;k o;a; úYaf,aIKhl § mqr y| odg fmr- wdikakj jeä j¾Idm;khla jd¾;d úh' ^1999 §&

kjiS,ka;fhkq;a ^1998 §& óg RK m%;sM,hla ,eî ;sfí' bkaÈhdfõ ngysr fjrf<a u.f,da¾j, isÿ l< fujeks o;a; úYaf,aIKhlg wkqj pkaøl,dfõ uq,a ld¾;=j ^mqr fmdahg fmr ld¾;=j& ;=< jeä j¾Idm;khl=;a" wjidk ld¾;=fõ wvq j¾Idm;khl=;a jd¾;d úh'

tx.,ka;fha cd;sl ld,.=K fiajh u.ska 1978 jljdkqfõ lrkq ,enQ wOHhkhlska fmkakqï lf<a mqrfmdah Èkg fyda wudjl Èkg miqj 10] l muK j¾Idm;kfha jeä ùula we;s jQ njhs' ta jf.a u wêl j¾Idm;khka tu Èkhka wdYs%;j jd¾;d ùfï hï m%jK;djhla o we;s njhs'

1949}1990 jljdkqfõ j¾Idm;k o;a; mokï lr .ksñka W;=re wefußldfõ isÿ l< úYaf,aIKhlska fy<sorõ jQfha o óg iudk m%;sM,hls' tys § ksÍCIKhg ,la jQ lreKla kï" 24 meh mqrd j¾Idm;khla fndfyda úg ,eî we;af;a mqr y| Èkg fyda wudjl Èkg Èk 2-3 lska miqj ùuhs' ta jf.a u pkaø l,dfõ m<uq yd ;=ka jk ld¾;=j, j¾Idm;kfha úh yelshdj (Possibility) mqryo fyda wudjl wjia:djkag jvd f;.=Khla úh yels njhs' ^fuu úYaf,aIkh 2001 jif¾ § isÿ lr we;'&

1989-1997 w;r ld,h ;=< o;a; Ndú;d lrñka j¾Idm;kh yd pkaø l,dj w;r iïnkaOhla fõ ± hs ol=Kq ´iafÜ%,shdfõ kef.kysr weäf,aâ l÷lrh wdYs%;j l< ióCIKhl § fmkakqï fldg we;af;a" mqr y| wdYs%; Èk 5 la ;=< j¾Idm;khg jvd wudjl wdYs%; Èk 5 l j¾Idm;kh ie<lsh hq;= f,iska jeä njhs'

i|" iQ¾hhd yd fmdf<dj ^mDÓúh& w;rueo we;s úg wudjl f,i;a" mDÓúh" i| yd iQ¾hhd w;r Rcq msysàulg wd úg mqry| f,i;a mDÓújdiS wmg o¾Ykh fõ' pkaø pl%hla iïmQ¾K lsÍug mDÓú Èkj,ska 29 1$2 muK wjYH fõ' ta wkqj tlsfkl m%;súreoaO pkaø l,d msysgqï folla i|yd .; jk ld,h Èk 14 3$4 ls'

f,dalfha úúO rgj, Y;j¾I .Kkdjla mqrd tl;= jQ ld,.=Kh ms<sn| ^pkaø l,dj yd mj;sk ld,.=Kh w;r in|;djhla ms<sn|j& tk m%jdo tlsfkl fjkia fjhs' tjka fmdÿ ck úYajdihka lsysmhla kï" zzmqr y| folla fhfok udih fyd| jeis f.fkk udihlahZZ" zzi| jgd j<,a,la we;s úg jeiai fyda ysu jeàu blauKska isÿ fjhsZZ" zzwudjl odg jeis we;s ùfï bv jeähsZZ" zzmqr y| odg jeiai wvq úh yelshsZZ" zzwudjl odg fyd| jeiaila jegqfkd;a B<Õ udih jeysnr udihla fjkjdZZ wd§ jYfhks'

,xldfõ fmdÿ úYajdih kï zzfmdfydh Èk wdYs%;j jeis we;s fjkjdhZZ hkakhs' úfYaIfhka u uykqjr wdYs%; ck;dj w;r we;s úYajdih kï kqjr o<od fmryer iy j¾Idm;kh w;r iïnkaOhla we;s njhs' ta jf.a u rkafoda,s fmryef¾ wjika Èfka § ^tkï wei< fmdah od g& jyskq we;s njhs'

fmdfydh odg jeä j¾Idm;khla ,efnkq we;e hs hk úYajdih YS% ,xldfõ § fmdÿ úYajdihla jqj;a fuf;la ta m%jdoh úµd;aulj mÍCIKhg Ndckh fldg fkd;snqKs' by; cd;Hka;r w;a±lSï wkqj o j¾Idj yd pkaø l,dj hk mrdñ;Ska w;r in|;djla fkdue;s ;rï jk nj meyeÈ,s jk w;r" by; rgj, ;snQ ^j¾Id o;a;j,& hï wyUq m%jK;djhka o tlsfkl fjkia yd m%;súreoaO jk whqre o tf,i u úµudk jk whqre o fmfkkakg ;snqKs' ^WodyrKhla jYfhka tla m%foaYhl § m<uq pkaø l,d ld¾;=j ;=< § jeä j¾Idm;khla olakg yels ù kuq;a ;j;a m%foaYhl § tu ld¾;=fõ idudkH m%jK;dj" wvq j¾Idm;khla úh yelshs - wkqj¾;lf.ks'&

t ksid hï m%foaYhl § l< ksÍCIKhl m%;sM, fjk;a m%foaYhlg fyda fjk;a rglg fmdÿ f,iska iQ;%.; lsÍu l< fkdyels nj m%;HCI lreKls' ta wkqj fuu wOHhkfha wruqK jQfha pkaø l,dj yd j¾Idm;kh w;r iïnkaO;djhla fõ ± hs ksYaph lr ne,Suhs' ta i|yd uykqjr m%foaYh f;dard .eksK' uykqjr" lgq.iaf;dg" fmardfoKsh ;=< we;s ld,.=Ksl uOHia:dk ;=fk ys j¾Idm;k o;a; fuys § fhdÿ .kq ,eìK'

^fuu ksnkaOkh i|yd Ndú; l< ixLHdk iQ;%" .Kkh lsÍu wdÈh mdGlhdg ixlS¾K yd wd.ka;=l úh yels neúka tu .Ks;uh mßÉfþoh fuys § bÈßm;a fkdlrñ' - mßj¾;l&

fuu ióCIKfha § ld, iSudjka 7 la o" pkaø l,d 4 la o" ^m<uq ld¾;=j" mqr y| ld¾;=j" ;=kajk ld¾;=j" wudjl ld¾;=j f,iska''''& uQ,sl o;a; ,nd .;a ld,.=Ksl uOHia:dk 3 la o" l,ams; 6 la o" iuÕska uq¿ ixikaokhka (Comparisions) 504 la isÿ lrkq ,eìK'

(7 x 4 x 3 x 6 = 506)

wjidk ks.ukh jkafka" uykqjr m%foaYfha ld,.=K uOHia:dk ;=klska ,nd .;a wjqreÿ 38 la mqrd úys÷kq o;a; moaO;sh wkqj fuu mrdñ;Ska fol ^j¾Idm;kh yd pkaø l,dj& w;r in|;djhla fkdue;s njhs'

ck;dj w;r jQ tu fmdÿ úYajdihg fya;= ù we;af;a" ta i|yd Tjqkaf.a ksÍCIKhka wúêu;a ùu yd Wml,amkhg mCImd;S ùu úh yelshs' tkï fmdah Èkhka ys § Tjqka ld,.=K ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j jvd Wkkaÿ ùuhs' tÈkg ck;dj wd.ñl ia:dkj, iduQyslj .ejiSu ksid ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajh fmdÿ idlÉPdjlg n÷kaùu ksid fuh ckm%jdohla f,iska" fmdÿ úYajdihla f,iska ;yjqre ù we;e hs wkqudk l< yel'

^wdpd¾h î'ù'wd¾' mqKHj¾Ok m%uqL lKavdhula úiska YS% ,xldfõ uykqjr m%foaYh wdYs%;j lrk ,o §¾> wOHhk ksnkaOkfha ixCIsma; mßj¾;khls'&